Power distribution is a process which is used to move electricity from locations where it is generated to people who need it. Distribution takes place through a system known as the electrical grid or simply “grid,” which is designed to keep power constantly on call so that it can meet demand. Managing the electrical grid is an extremely challenging and demanding task, and in several nations, concerns were raised in the early 21st century that existing power distribution infrastructure might not be up to changing demand.
The process of power distribution starts at the facility where electricity is generated. A number of techniques can be used for electrical generation, most of which revolve around spinning a turbine, whether with wind, water, or steam. Once the power is generated, it moves to a transformer substation where the voltage is “stepped up” to travel across high voltage transmission lines. These lines connect with other substations which step down the voltage to make it safe for household and industrial use, with power lines running from these substations to various consumers.
Electrical grids are closely interconnected. This is designed to distribute the wax and fall of demand across a broad system, so that when someone in one location runs the air conditioning full blast, the power not being used by someone somewhere else can be routed to that location to supply the need. Managing power distribution is a balancing act, with the goal being to create a steady supply for consumers without overloading the system with too much power. Electricity must be used as it is generated, as most storage techniques are highly inefficient.
Individual grid operators monitor supply and demand across the grid, and constantly make adjustments at various levels to address changing situations. Computerized systems also monitor the grid and are empowered to make adjustments as needed. As many people are aware, a small problem in one part of the electricity grid can cause a ripple effect of issues across the grid.
When customers connect to the power distribution grid, they are offered a so-called “standard service drop.” The standard service drop determines the amount of power which will be available for the customer. Businesses tend to have a higher standard service drop, while private homes have a lower one, because they demand less energy. Manufacturers and other industrial customers have massive service drops, and some also use distributed generation systems such as internal power plants to keep their power supply stable and to relieve stress on the grid.