In government, bicameralism is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The relationship between the two chambers of a bicameral legislature can vary. In some cases, they have equal power, and in others, one chamber is clearly superior to the other. It is commonplace in most federal systems to have a bicameral legislature. The United States, for example, has a bicameral legislature in which one chamber, the Senate, has an equal number of members representing each constituent state, and the members of the other chamber, the House of Representatives, number according to each state’s population.
Some political scientists believe that having a bicameral legislature makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of deadlock. This risk is greater in cases when both chambers have equal powers. Other political analysts argue strongly for the merits of the checks and balances that are provided by the bicameral model, which they believe helps prevent ill-considered legislation from being passed into law.
As of 2011, more than 20 countries had bicameral legislatures. Many other countries have unicameral legislatures, which consist of single legislative houses. The term “bicameral” comes from Latin and combines bi, which means “two”, with camera, which means “chamber.” “Unicameral” substitutes uni, or “one,” for bi.
Partial List of Countries That Have Bicameral Legislatures:
Country
Type
Legislative chambers
Afghanistan
National Assembly
Wolesi Jirga and Masharano Jirga
Australia
Parliament
House of Representatives and Senate
Canada
Parliament
House of Commons and Senate
France
Parliament
National Assembly and Senate
Germany
no single term
Bundestag and Bundesrat
India
Parliament
Lok Sabha (House of the People) and
Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
Mexico
Congress
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
Pakistan
Parliament
National Assembly and Senate
Republic of Ireland
Oireachtas
Dáil Éireann (House of Representatives) and
Seanad Éireann (Senate)
United Kingdom
Parliament
House of Commons and House of Lords
United States
Congress
House of Representatives and Senate
In addition, many regional or local legislative bodies also are bicameral. In the United States, for example, all of the state legislatures except Nebraska’s are also bicameral. In Australia, all of the state parliaments except Queensland’s are also bicameral.