When oxygen-carrying hemoglobin breaks down in blood cells, the damaged molecular components can form a Heinz body. The formation of this particle is often triggered by injury, toxins, or drugs. Heinz bodies can also indicate some forms of anemia and cause the destruction of red blood cells, called hemolysis. They are usually removed from the blood stream by the spleen but, if present in large quantities, can cause the organ to enlarge. Discovered in the late 1800s, these particles are often called Heinz-Ehrlich bodies and appear in humans as well as cats and dogs.
Heinz body content can be assessed using a dye in a blood sample. Under a microscope, each one is typically similar to various other particles but the staining often makes the Heinz bodies distinct. On the molecular level, many researchers believe that they are caused by substitutions of amino acids and proteins that are structurally broken down. Genetic mutations or oxidation are often causes of Heinz body formation.
If electrons from hemoglobin are transferred to an oxygen molecule, then blood cells can be damaged beyond repair. These cells often die as a result, and are removed by the spleen. A condition called Heinz body anemia can appear if this process occurs on a large scale throughout the blood supply. Enzyme deficiencies as well as liver diseases sometimes cause enough damage to hemoglobin to trigger anemia. Physicians often use the presence of Heinz bodies to diagnose conditions, but there is generally no medical treatment to eliminate the particles.
Heinz body formation is also a factor in dog and cat anemia. Substances found in garlic and onions can damage red blood cells and cause anemia, and are typically poisonous to pets. Veterinarians usually recommend inducing vomiting or bathing an animal that has been exposed. A pet can experience anemia, vomiting, diarrhea, asthma, or damage to the liver if it has been exposed to such substances.
Routine blood tests can be used to find large Heinz body concentrations. Heinz bodies are usually found when there are hemoglobin deficiencies, but not always. Some studies have shown they can form when a blood sample is exposed to excessively high temperatures. Inorganic substances found in industrial toxins can also trigger formation. There are certain types of nitro and amino compounds that often do as well. A Heinz body can form from either the interior or the membrane of a red blood cell when some kind of disruption occurs.