The process which humans and animals acquire knowledge and skills is described a learning theory. Behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism are the three basic categories used to classify leaning theories. The common variables present when learning, such as age, emotional state, and learning environment, have resulted in a wide range of different learning theories. It also has to do with the specific methods used to acquire the knowledge.
A behaviorism-based learning theory is one that is based on the observable outcomes of learning. When a subject is learning a new skill, such as when a child is learning to tie his shoes, this type of learning theory can be observed. This type of behavior-based learning is frequently the result of a perceived reward for successful task completion or punishment for task failure. As with Pavlov’s dogs, one of the most well-known examples of behaviorism learning theory involves actions learned as a result of classical conditioning, which is perfectly demonstrated the use of external stimuli to trigger a specific response.
A cognitivism-based learning theory emphasizes the acquisition of new skills or knowledge as a direct result of prior learning and individual memory retention. The term “brain-based learning” is also used to describe it. This learning theory proposes that individual brain function, rather than external stimuli and conditioning, is more important in learning. An individual attempting to learn a new language is an example of this type of theory. If a person knows more than one language, subsequent languages should theoretically be easier to learn because his memory already contains the fundamental knowledge of how to learn a new language.
Constructivism is one of the most complicated groups of learning theories, and it focuses on individuals’ ability to create new concepts and skills rather than just retain existing knowledge. It also supports the idea that knowledge is relative and unique to each person, based on personal experiences and interpretations. It is, in essence, a learning theory with roots in both behaviorism and cognitivism. A person taking a basic cooking class can demonstrate constructivism. While he may learn individual cooking techniques in the classroom, he will gain more advanced knowledge when he uses the techniques outside of class, combining a variety of techniques to create his own unique style.