Percussion controllers are electronic devices that use the MIDI protocol to generate rhythms using virtual music software and instruments in conjunction with computers or physical musical instruments like synthesizers or electronic drum sets. The controller sends MIDI event messages to the devices that will actually make the rhythm sounds, containing information about tempo, pitch, volume, and other parameters. The percussion controller can also be used to create rhythms on traditional percussion instruments with electronic triggers, such as acoustic drum sets, cymbals, and hand drums. Percussion controllers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and their capabilities vary greatly due to the wide range of applications and settings in which MIDI-generated rhythms can be used.
A set of rubber pads, which can be played with drum sticks or one’s hands and fingers, is usually included in the most basic percussion controllers. It may also be capable of triggering rhythm patterns on external devices equipped with triggers, in addition to generating these rhythm sounds internally and transmitting them directly to an audio system. The controller usually has some pre-programmed rhythms that the user can change, as well as memory for user-created rhythms. A sound effect generator is usually included with the percussion controller, which can be used to alter the sound applying effects like reverb and flanging. A pattern sequencer is included in some controllers, allowing the musician to create and store long rhythm tracks for playback in sync with other music elements.
A more advanced percussion controller will usually have an input where the percussionist can plug in previously recorded rhythm loops and samples. The percussion controller can be loaded with these rhythm tracks using a memory card, USB port, or MIDI jack. These loops and samples can be combined and synchronized with other rhythm instruments and tracks to create rhythmically complex music once they’ve been imported. A number of pre-installed sounds or “voices” are usually included with controllers. From traditional Western drum and percussion sounds to exotic Asian and African instruments, there’s something for everyone.
Most modern synthesizers and electronic keyboards also include a percussion controller for creating rhythmic accompaniments. Non-percussionists may prefer this method of creating rhythm sequences, whereas drummers are more likely to choose an electronic drum kit with drum and cymbal pads that can be played using traditional drumming techniques. Retrofitting a traditional acoustic drum kit with a controller and drum and cymbal triggers is another option for drummers. The drummer adds his or her own rhythmic accompaniment while the controller generates MIDI-created sounds. The drummer can create rhythmic effects that would be impossible to achieve with traditional percussion instruments alone combining controller-triggered rhythm patterns with live, acoustic sounds.