A plasma cutter is a relatively easy-to-use tool to cut steel and other electrically-conductive metals. These cutters work by using a high-voltage electrical arc and a compressed gas,
usually air. An electrical arc generated by an internal electrode ionizes
gas passing through a nozzle, creating a concentrated arc of plasma at the
cutter’s tip. The arc’s contact with the working surface makes a high heat
circuit which melts a section less than 1/16″ (1.6mm) wide. The
force of the plasma flow then literally blows out the molten area on the
work piece, creating a fairly clean cut with little or no slag. The plasma
arc travels through the nozzle at a speed of up to 20,000 feet per second,
and at temperatures as high as 30,000 degrees Fahrenheit (16,600 Celsius)!
Light, portable plasma cutters use 110 volts with an output of around 12-35
amps. To simplify their use, these machines often feature with on-board air compressors.
Larger cutters are 220 volt systems with an output between 50 and 80 amps.
Hand-held models can be used to cut any conductive metal up to ½ inch thick (1.25cm)
while industrial plasma cutters can cut through 2 inches (5cm) of metal.
One of the advantages of using a plasma cutter is that the surface of the
metal outside of the cutting area remains relatively cool; this prevents
the warping and paint damage that can occur with other flame cutters. A
thin heat affected zone (HAZ) also allows the use of templates for precise
curved line cutting. Plasma cuts up to five times faster than traditional
torches and does not rely on highly-flammable gases. Many plasma cutters also
perform well as gougers and can pierce metal quickly and accurately.
Despite the advantages of plasma cutters, there are some drawbacks. The cutter’s electrode and nozzle sometimes require frequent replacement which adds to the cost of operation. Non-conductive materials
such as wood or plastic cannot be cut with plasma cutters. Another minor drawback is
that the plasma arc typically leaves a 4-6 degree bevel on the cut edge; although this angle is almost invisible on thinner material, it is noticeable on thicker pieces. Gas fuel torches are
considered better than plasma cutters for thick steel.