A subcutaneous cyst, also known as a sebaceous cyst or epidermoid cyst, is a non-cancerous, closed sac or bump that develops beneath the skin. These cysts typically occur on the face, neck, upper back, or trunk, but can appear anywhere on the body where there are hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
Subcutaneous cysts are quite common and can affect people of all ages and genders. They usually arise due to the blockage of the hair follicle or sebaceous gland, which leads to the accumulation of dead skin cells, oil, and other debris. This accumulation creates a pocket or sac beneath the skin that gradually fills with a thick, cheesy substance called keratin.
A subcutaneous cyst is characterized its round or dome-shaped appearance and can vary in size. Most cysts are benign and don’t cause any pain, but they can become infected or inflamed, leading to discomfort or tenderness. In such cases, medical intervention may be required.
These cysts usually start as small, painless lumps beneath the skin. They can gradually grow over time, reaching sizes that range from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Although they are most commonly found on the face, neck, and trunk, subcutaneous cysts can occur anywhere on the body.
The exact cause of subcutaneous cysts is not always known, but certain factors can contribute to their development. These include:
1. Blockage of Hair Follicles or Sebaceous Glands:
When a hair follicle or sebaceous gland becomes blocked, it can lead to the formation of a cyst. This blockage could result from an injury, infection, or excessive production of sebum, the oily substance that lubricates the skin.
2. Trauma:
Any physical damage to the skin, such as a cut, deep scratch, or puncture, can trigger the development of a subcutaneous cyst. This occurs when the skin cells and debris are trapped beneath the surface, forming a cyst.
3. Genetic Predisposition:
Some individuals may be more prone to developing subcutaneous cysts due to genetic factors. If there is a family history of cysts, it increases the likelihood of an individual developing them.
4. Hormonal Changes:
Fluctuations in hormone levels, particularly during puberty or menopause, can contribute to the formation of cysts. Hormonal imbalances can affect the production of sebum and the normal shedding of skin cells, leading to blockages and cyst formation.
Subcutaneous cysts typically do not cause any symptoms and are often discovered incidentally. However, if a cyst becomes infected or inflamed, it can lead to symptoms such as:
1. Pain or Tenderness:
An infected cyst may be painful to touch or when pressure is applied to it. In some cases, the pain may radiate to the surrounding area of the cyst.
2. Redness and Swelling:
When an infection occurs, the cyst and the surrounding skin may become red, inflamed, and swollen. This can cause discomfort and make the cyst more noticeable.
3. Drainage or Pus:
An infected cyst may develop a central opening or pore through which pus, blood, or a foul-smelling fluid can be discharged. The cyst may also leak or drain spontaneously.
4. Increased Temperature:
An infected cyst can feel warm to the touch as a result of the inflammation and immune response in the affected area.
If you suspect that you have an infected subcutaneous cyst, it is crucial to seek medical advice. A healthcare professional will evaluate the cyst and determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on its size, location, and severity of infection.
The diagnosis of a subcutaneous cyst can usually be made through a physical examination. The healthcare provider will evaluate the appearance, size, and location of the cyst. They may also inquire about any symptoms or changes in the cyst.
In some cases, further investigations may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis or rule out any underlying conditions. These may include:
1. Ultrasound:
An ultrasound scan uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of the internal structures of the body. It can help determine the size, depth, and composition of the cyst.
2. Fine-needle Aspiration (FNA):
During an FNA procedure, a thin needle is used to extract a sample of the cyst’s contents. This sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis, which helps confirm the diagnosis and rule out any other potential causes.
3. Biopsy:
If there is uncertainty about the nature of the cyst or suspicion of a more serious underlying condition, a biopsy may be recommended. This involves removing a small tissue sample from the cyst for microscopic examination.
The treatment options for a subcutaneous cyst depend on its size, location, symptoms, and the individual’s preference. In general, treatment is not always necessary unless the cyst is causing discomfort, becomes infected, or affects a person’s quality of life. The following approaches may be considered:
1. Watchful Waiting:
If the cyst is small, non-bothersome, and not causing any symptoms, the healthcare provider may recommend monitoring it over time. This approach is often referred to as watchful waiting. Regular check-ups may be scheduled to ensure the cyst is not growing or becoming more problematic.
2. Drainage and Extraction:
If the cyst becomes infected or inflamed, a healthcare professional may decide to drain it. During this procedure, the cyst is numbed with a local anesthetic, and an incision is made to allow the fluid, pus, or debris to be released. Surgical instruments or squeezing pressure may be used to empty the cyst completely. Antibiotics may also be prescribed if there is an infection present.
3. Surgical Removal:
In some cases, surgical removal of the cyst may be necessary, especially if it is recurrent, causes discomfort, or is cosmetically bothersome. This procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia, and the cyst, along with its capsule, is excised. The wound is then closed with stitches, and appropriate aftercare instructions are provided.
4. Laser Treatment:
Laser therapy is a non-invasive treatment option that can be used to reduce the size and appearance of subcutaneous cysts. The laser emits targeted energy to destroy the cyst without damaging the surrounding skin. This approach is often favored for cysts on the face or other visible areas.
While many subcutaneous cysts can be successfully treated or managed, they have the potential to recur. To minimize the risk of recurrence, it is important to maintain good skin hygiene and take preventive measures. These may include:
1. Gentle Cleansing:
Regular cleansing of the skin with a mild, non-comedogenic cleanser helps to remove impurities, excess oil, and dead skin cells. Avoid harsh scrubbing or vigorous rubbing, as it may irritate the skin and potentially worsen the cyst.
2. Avoid Squeezing or Picking:
Refrain from squeezing, picking, or attempting to drain the cyst yourself, as this can introduce bacteria, increase the risk of infection, and potentially lead to scarring.
3. Avoid Heavy Cosmetics:
Some cosmetics and skincare products can clog the pores and exacerbate cyst formation. Choose oil-free or non-comedogenic products labeled as suitable for acne-prone or sensitive skin.
4. Protect the Skin:
Use sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 to protect the skin from harmful UV rays. Sunburns can cause inflammation and potentially trigger or worsen cysts.
5. Seek Professional Help:
If you notice any changes in the cyst, such as rapid growth, pain, redness, or signs of infection, consult a healthcare professional promptly. Early intervention can help prevent complications and ensure appropriate management.
A subcutaneous cyst, or sebaceous cyst, is a common non-cancerous growth that develops beneath the skin due to the blockage of hair follicles or sebaceous glands. These cysts can vary in size and are often asymptomatic, but they can become infected or inflamed, causing pain and discomfort. Diagnosis is usually made through physical examination, though further investigations like ultrasounds or biopsies may be required for confirmation. Treatment options range from watchful waiting to surgical removal, depending on the size, location, and symptoms of the cyst. Preventive measures, such as gentle cleansing and avoiding squeezing or picking, can help minimize the risk of recurrence. If there are any concerns or changes in the cyst, seeking medical advice is crucial for appropriate management.