Instead of encouraging students to explore and grasp concepts on their own, direct instruction is a method of teaching in which an instructor gives students a detailed and highly structured series of directions and lectures. The teacher interacts with students face to face while leading the class, and there are no work groups or other independent activities. Direct instruction is particularly well suited to the teaching of certain subjects, such as mathematics and basic science.
In direct instruction, the teacher lectures the class to provide students with the fundamental building blocks of knowledge, which they then build on in a step-by-step manner. One of the benefits of this teaching method is how simple it is to set goals and track progress. Teachers can define goals in a math class as mastery of specific concepts, and they can test students to see if they understand the topics covered so far in order to see if they are learning.
To reinforce skills discussed in class, direct instruction uses tools such as lecture, repeating drills, in-class demonstrations, and homework. Direct instruction does not include student interaction or topic exploration through discussion sections or private inquiry. Students may choose to work independently in study groups outside of the classroom, but this is not part of the teacher’s approach in the classroom.
This method is very systematic, relying on a well-written script and well-defined objectives. It is less appropriate for some types of learning. In a history class, for example, teachers may want students to investigate historical topics and consider social issues and attitudes when assessing historical events. If students have access to discussions and other opportunities to dig deeper into the events they’re learning about, they’ll be able to get more out of the material. Direct instruction can often cover topics like math very well, where teachers want students to understand a series of concepts.
Educators can use a variety of teaching methods to reach their students, tailoring their approach to the class and the subject. During their training, most teachers learn about various pedagogical approaches, including a variety of direct instruction methods. School districts may emphasize one type of teaching over another, expecting their employees to use that method in their work. Schools for at-risk youth, who frequently struggle to focus and complete tasks, may use direct instruction to provide a very clear structure in the classroom with the goal of assisting students in succeeding.