Sigmund Freud structured the mind into metaphoric sections. These “sections” are disputed, and not exactly provable. Yet many other psychiatrists and psychologists since then have used his terminology to discuss the way the mind works, and suggested changes. These definitions of the sections of the mind: conscious, unconscious and the subconscious lie at the root of significant misunderstanding.
Some people use the terms the unconscious and the subconscious interchangeably, but this is not accurate from Freud’s definition. Unconscious, first and foremost, does not mean, as it is used in medical terminology “knocked out,” and it doesn’t mean anesthetized either. Yet these ideas have a relationship to Freud’s conception of the unconscious.
In simple terms, the unconscious is the store of collected information that has been repressed and is not easily brought to the conscious mind. These memories not recognized by the conscious mind can be memories of trauma, or even simply memories, thought patterns, desires, and sense impressions that remain far below the accessible surface. Because they are in essence, inaccessible without psychoanalysis, they may drive and control the conscious mind on unseen levels. Much of Freud’s id and superego work in the background of the unconscious, creating illness, mental problems, neuroses, and a host of other issues.
The unconscious and the subconscious are vastly different, though non-psychiatric professionals often incorrectly use subconscious. In contrast to the unconscious, the subconscious mind lies just below consciousness, and it is easily accessible if attention is paid to it. For instance, you might know someone’s phone number. This information is not stored in your conscious mind, but in your subconscious. If you think about it, you can produce the phone number, but it isn’t simply floating around in your conscious mind. You need to direct your attention to memory in order to dredge up the phone number. Those memories you can recall easily are not conscious unless you pay attention and focus. When someone asks you to describe your perfect day, you reach into your subconscious mind for these memories.
However, if someone asked you to describe the worst day you ever had, especially if it was particularly traumatic, you might not really be able to describe the worst. You’d be able to discuss memories in your subconscious that were memorably bad, but a truly traumatic day could be in part, or completely repressed. In this way, one of the differences between the unconscious and the subconscious is that, at least in Freud’s estimation, the unconscious worked as a protecting force on the mind, even if this protection was wrongly guided. Really finding the most traumatic day of your life might mean significant therapy to access layers of memory buried away from both from conscious and subconscious, deeply hidden in the mind.
Other prominent psychologists and psychiatrists have had different or expanded definitions of the unconscious and the subconscious. For Carl Jung, the unconscious mind was the repository of all the unintegrated aspects of the personality, like the shadow, and the anima/animus. To become a fully individuated person, these things needed to be brought to consciousness and integrated into the personality, so that they served the person rather than thwarting him/her. Below the unconscious, Jung further defined the collective unconscious, a group of shared images and ideas that were present in all people regardless of cultural background.
Yet other psychiatrists and psychologists dismiss the unconscious as hogwash. They claim that the system Freud described, and that others later expanded upon can’t be verified. Behaviorists for instance, of the older Behavioral school tend to criticize Freud’s view of “levels” of the mind. Cognitive behaviorists, conversely, have tried to bring the idea of repressed ideas in the unconscious into a new set of terminology.
Instead of the unconscious and the subconscious, cognitive behaviorists help clients evaluate behavior to get at their core belief system, those thoughts and ideas, which really drive the person. In a way this is divorced from Freud’s original ideas because it stresses that though these core beliefs may be repressed, bringing them to light doesn’t necessarily provoke instant change. Instead, identifying these beliefs begins a cognitive process of change. Furthermore these core beliefs are not tied to terms like “Oedipal Complex” or id.