A big band orchestra is a large musical ensemble that performs big band jazz. These bands typically have 15 to 30 members who play rhythm, string, and wind instruments. Big band swing is the music that this type of group usually performs. Some big band orchestras perform traditional jazz standards, while others perform original swing music. While the types and numbers of instruments in a big band orchestra can vary, most people expect to see a few basic instruments in this type of group.
Saxophones, trumpets, and trombones are common instruments in the wind section of a big band orchestra. Each type of wind instrument is usually played multiple instrumentalists. A non-standard instrument, such as a flute, french horn, or tuba, may occasionally be added to the wind section. Singers can be found in some jazz ensembles.
A big band orchestra’s basic rhythm section consists of an electric guitar and bass guitar or acoustic bass instrument, as well as drums and a piano or keyboard. A mallet instrument, such as a marimba or vibraphone, may be used some jazz groups. A big band orchestra always has a drummer on the drum kit, and auxiliary percussion such as congas, wood blocks, and chimes is usually provided a second drummer.
A big band saxophone section should have at least five saxophones. Two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone make up the section. Saxophonists frequently play a variety of saxophones. Some songs require alto or tenor saxophonists to switch to the soprano saxophone for solos. Because these instruments have frequent solos in big band jazz pieces, having at least one strong saxophone soloist on alto and tenor is essential.
In a big band orchestra, brass instruments typically include four or five trombones and three or four trumpets. A bass trombone, a type of trombone designed to reach a lower range than the standard trombone, is frequently used. At least one trumpet player capable of loudly projecting high notes on a trumpet is usually included in a big band’s trumpet section.
This type of performance group differs from jazz combos in that a big band orchestra’s music is much more composed than that of a jazz combo, which is mostly improvisational. Although improvisational solos are common in big band orchestra music, improvisation is a much smaller part of the overall performance than it is in a jazz combo performance.