The practice of scientifically identifying microbial agents, their origins, and potential effects with the goal of presenting the findings as legal and scientific evidence is known as microbial forensics. This evidence is critical for successful prosecution of biocrime and medical malpractice cases. Collection of specimens, identification of the agent, risk analysis, and validation are all common steps in the process. Microbial forensics necessitates the integration of several related disciplines, including microbial genomics and bioinformatics, in order to meet these requirements.
The first of two core functions of microbial forensics is the definitive identification of biological threats, their source, and the scope of the potential risks involved. The second step is to present the findings in a way that is both scientifically and legally sound. When biological hazards are encountered, the first function is critical from a containment standpoint and can potentially save thousands of lives. The second function is critical for identifying and prosecuting those who are responsible for the threat. Together, these two functions form the front line of defense against microbiological threats.
Microbial forensics isn’t just used in bioterrorism cases. Medical malpractice, unintentional exposure, and naturally occurring biohazards may all benefit. Positively identifying and linking biological agents to specific sources, on the other hand, can be more difficult and time-consuming than other forensic procedures. A multi-discipline approach is required to conclusively prove the origins of a biological attack or any other source of exposure. Several related areas of microbiology, such as microbial genomics, phylogentetics, and bioinformatics, may be included in a typical investigation.
In most cases, the microbial forensics procedure consists of four steps. The first step is to collect samples from a suspected exposure site. This must be done correctly in order to avoid jeopardizing the evidence’s integrity. The positive identification of the microbial agent and its potential as a biological attack mechanism is the second step. The third step entails a multi-discipline analysis of the samples in order to determine precise genetic profiles for use in future research. The validation of all analytical processes and methods used to assimilate the forensic evidence is the final step.
The educational commitment required for those interested in pursuing a career in microbial forensics can be significant. A degree in biology or microbiology covering virology, environmental microbiology, microbial genetics, and microbiology principles is required for entry. It’s common to need a master’s degree in forensic toxicology, forensic biology, prions and viruses, and bacterial studies. A doctoral degree is required for those interested in teaching or practicing medicine in the field. Microbial forensics students may need to invest four to eleven years beyond the basic degree, depending on their level of involvement.